Big Bang Big Bang It is proved that the universe is expanding. 17 billions of years ago there was the beginning. Therefore, there was a beginning to our universe. It looks like the Creation of time, space and matter. Big Bang does not need a creator Belief in a beginning does not require belief in the Creator. Big Bang can be a large fluctuation. Big Bang as a fluctuation There were no time and space before the beginning. So, fluctuation of what and where?   Synthesis of amino acids and proteins Miller-Urey experiments The Miller-Urey experiments confirm formation of amino acids under lab conditions simulating a primitive earth atmosphere (hydrogen, methane, ammonia and water vapor). High-voltage electric sparks simulate lightnings. Subsequent reactions could produce short polymers of the amino acids. When polymers are heated to 130°C to 180°C and then cooled in water to 25°C - 0°C proteinoid microspheres form. These provide evidence that simple cells could have formed from some of the earliest compounds. [2, 4] Clay as anzyme Clay absorbs organic material onto its surface and that absorption can act like an enzyme to bring reactant together. Peptide polymers were obtained by incubating solutions of amino acids with mineral surfaces.[5] Primitive Earth's atmosphere and Miller's experiments Primitive Earth atmosphere was derived from from volcanic outgassing, and consisted primarily of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and trace amounts of hydrogen. The hydrogen was lost to space (because it is light gas) and methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) could not be created in significant amounts. Ammonia absorbs ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and would be rapidly destriyed by it. Using more realistic atmosphere gas mixture no amino acids can be created in the Miller's type experiments. [8] Freeman Dyson's opinion There could be some places on the Earth, where the Miller's gas mixture could exist. [9] Editor's opinion. Miller's experiments take a long time and require lightings. The probabilities of lightnings in these "places" are very low and Miller's gas mixture will be changed very quickly. No significant amount of amino acids could be obtained. Random chemical reactions Hypothesis: complex biomolecules were formed from random chemical reactions. Estimations show that these reactions could not have produced life in the time available even if the entire universe were involved in a such process. Since 1979, articles based on the premise that life arose through chance random reactions over billions of years are not accepted in reputable journals. [1] Replication problem   Some researches found self-replicated peptides. However, the probablity of random builing of these peptide is very small. The ocean could not dissolve all mass of amino acids to produce one molecule of this peptide. [5]   Six Day Creation Six day creation??? Astrophysical data show that the age of the Universe is 17 +/- 3 billion years. [6] Six day Creation story (the Bible and the Qur'an) contradics scientific discoveries that various species existed during well separated periods of time. One cannot find human and dinosaurs remains in the same geological layer. How long is six day creation? The Bible: For a thousand years in your sight are like yesterday when it is past, or like a watch in the night. (Psalms, 90:4) The Qur'an: A day in the sight of your Lord is like 1,000 years of your reckoning (Qur'an, 22:47) Therefore, a day during the creation can mean a very long time period. Time is relative   Einstein showed that gravity and speed affect the flow of time. One can find a place where one day corresponds to 1000 years of our time. [1]   Noah's Ark Not enough space Noah's Ark was too small to keep all animals and food. How many animals Flooding could be local, in Mesopotamia only. Therefore, Noah could take very few animals to support his life after flooding. So the LORD said, "I will blot out from the earth (adamah) the human beings I have created--people together with animals and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them." (Gen.6:7) NRSV    This is because in Hebrew text of the Bible the words adamah and aretz can mean local environs. [1] See for example: Now there was no food in all the land (aretz), for the famine was very severe. (Gen .47:13) NRSV Cain was banished away from the soil (adamah). (Gen .4:14) NRSV   DNA and RNA Catalytic RNA Catalytic RNAs were dicovered. They performe enzyme like functions. This suggested that RNA may be ancestral and DNA is a derived molecule for the storage of genetic material. [2] Self-Replicating RNA Self-Replicating RNA is now accepted as almost a dogma in the origin-of-life field. RNA has been shown able to perform the key reactions expected of a self-replicating molecule. Ribozymes can join up two RNA molecules. They can also polymerie up to about six RNA bases on an RNA template. [5] Self-Replicating RNA   Nobody has yet designed or discovered a self-replicating RNA molecule. Another problem: ribozyme-catalysed RNA polymerization does not work with a mixture of D amd L RNA nucleotide bases. [5]   Cell formation Coacervates   Oparin (Russian scientist) conducted experiments with very small droplets of various polymers and carbohydrates, and found that these kept themselves separate from the surrounding water by forming a kind of membrane. These droplets, called coacervates, sometimes behave like living organisms, in that they selectively take up certain substances from the surrounding solution, thereby increasing in size. At a particular point they divide into several daughter droplets and the process of growth and division may be repeated. These experiments are not showing us the actual steps leading up to the origin of life. But they do show us lifelike behavior. [4] Prokaryotes Not all single cell organism have a nucleus containing chromosomes. These organisms are called prokaryotes. For example, bacteria are procaryotes. These cell are much smaller than eukaryotes (with nucleus) and their chromosomes do not undergo the elaborate process of division. They do not reproduce sexually and therefore they do not possess the range of genetic variabillity. Many of them can only respire anaerobically and are able to survive in oxygen absence. The procaryotes could be the ealiest living cells, and they gave rise to the eukaryotes. [4]   Darvin's evolution theory   Darvin's theory There is an abundant amount of data that supports the evolution theory: the fossil record, biogeographical distribution, comparative anatomy, geology, embryology, radiometric dating, genetic timetables. [7] Genes The genetic similarity is so extensive that it strongly argued for a common developmental origin. [3] Walcott's dicovery   In 1909 Charles Doolittle Walcott studied fossils in Canadian Rockies and dicovered remarkable diversity of many different forms. The age of these fossils is about 550 million year ago. It is time when only simplest forms were expected. It seems that life started rapidly on Earth. Eyes and gills, jointed limbs and intestines, sponges and worms, insects and fish, all had appeared simultanneously. [1]   Physical laws Physical laws of our universe perfectly support our life. Is it accidental?   Chirality Chirality Amino acid and RNA polymerizations do not work with a mixture of the left- and right-handed isomers. There is no explanation how only one type of isomers were selected from the organic solution.   Evolution Theory and Religion Seed Principles The idea of evolution is not necessarily disturbing to religious people. Even St. Augustine allowed that beings on earth can emerge gradually from "seed principles" sown by the Creator in the beginning. [7]   Who we are? In the image and likeness of God  It is especially in our capacity for making and keeping promises, and for compassionate love, that we can say that we are made in the image and likeness of God. [7]